An imbalance in the immune system plays a key role in allergic reactions. Some studies suggest that NMN may have some effects on the immune system by regulating energy metabolism and signalling pathways within cells. For example, some studies have found that NMN can regulate mitochondrial function and enhance cellular energy production and metabolic efficiency. Mitochondria play an important role in the activation and functional regulation of immune cells. Good mitochondrial function helps to maintain normal metabolism and function of immune cells, which may indirectly affect the onset and development of allergic reactions.


NMN may have a potential effect on allergic populations by affecting the immune system through several mechanisms:

1. Enhance antioxidant capacity: Allergic reactions are often accompanied by an increase in oxidative stress. NMN can increase the activity of intracellular antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), to reduce the damage caused by free radicals, thus reducing the inflammatory response caused by allergies.

2. Regulating immune cell function: immune cells such as T cells, B cells and macrophages play an important role in allergic reactions, NMN may regulate the activation, proliferation and differentiation of these immune cells to balance the function of the immune system and reduce the intensity of allergic reactions.

3. Influence on cytokine secretion: cytokines play a key role in immune regulation, NMN may regulate the secretion of cytokines, such as inhibiting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. TNF-α, IL-6, etc.), and promoting the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-10, etc.), so as to improve the inflammatory state caused by allergy.

Although there are limited studies on the direct relationship between NMN and allergy, this area has a broad research prospect.

- Investigate in depth the specific mechanism of action and efficacy of NMN on different types of allergic reactions (e.g. food allergy, respiratory allergy, etc.).

- Conduct large-scale clinical trials to evaluate the safety and efficacy of NMN in allergic populations.

- To study the combination of NMN with other anti-allergy drugs or treatments in order to improve the therapeutic effect.

Although the role of NMN in allergic populations is still in the preliminary stage of exploration, NMN is expected to provide new ideas and methods for the treatment and prevention of allergy as research continues. However, it is important to note that more rigorous scientific research and validation is needed before NMN can be applied to clinical practice.


How does NMN specifically regulate the activation, proliferation and differentiation of different types of immune cells to improve allergy?

Mechanism of action of NMN on immune cells:

- Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) has multiple biological functions. Current research suggests that NMN may indirectly regulate immune cell function by affecting intracellular energy metabolism and redox status.

- NMN can increase mitochondrial membrane potential and enhance cellular energy production. Adequate energy supply is essential for the activation, proliferation and differentiation of immune cells. For example, T-cell activation and effector function require a high level of energy support.

- NMN also regulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Moderate levels of ROS are necessary for immune cell signalling, but excessive levels of ROS can lead to oxidative stress damage and impair normal immune cell function.


Effects on T cells:

- The differentiation of primary T cells into effector and memory T cells is regulated by a number of factors, including the Notch signalling pathway, the activation of which alters the cytokine secretion profile of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Although there is no direct evidence that NMN has a direct effect on this process in T cells, considering the regulation of cellular energy metabolism and redox state by NMN, it may indirectly affect the Notch signalling pathway, which may have an impact on the activation, proliferation and differentiation of T cells.

   - In addition, NMN enhances mitochondrial function and regulates ROS levels, which may contribute to the maintenance of normal T-cell metabolism and function, and thus play a regulatory role in allergic responses.


Potential effects on B cells:

- B-cell activation, proliferation and antibody production also require energy support and an appropriate intracellular environment; NMN improves cellular energy metabolism and redox homeostasis, which may help B-cells to better respond to antigenic stimuli and regulate antibody production and class switching.

- However, direct studies on the specific effects of NMN on B cells are lacking.


Regulatory role in allergic reactions:

- An allergic reaction is an overreaction of the body's immune system to an allergen.NMN may be able to make the immune system's response to allergens more balanced and moderate by regulating the function of immune cells.

- For example, by regulating the direction of T cell differentiation, NMN reduces the over-activation of Th2 type cells, thus reducing the production of IgE and the release of inflammatory mediators.

- Or by influencing the function of regulatory T cells, it can enhance immune tolerance and inhibit the occurrence and development of allergic reactions.

It should be noted that the study on how NMN regulates the activation, proliferation and differentiation of different types of immune cells to ameliorate allergy is still in the preliminary stage, and many of the mechanisms are still unclear.


What are the differences in the mechanisms of action of NMN on specific types of allergic reactions such as food allergy and respiratory allergy?

Mechanisms of action of NMN in food allergy:

- Relatively little direct research has been done on NMN in food allergy. However, the causative mechanisms of food allergy are unclear and are usually related to complex environmental and genetic factors. Food allergy can cause severe adverse reactions and even death, and there is currently no effective treatment for food allergy, other than food avoidance or treatment of the symptoms of food allergy.

- However, considering that NMN can increase the expression of endogenous p-FoxO3a and Cav-1 proteins in glomerular cells of diabetic nephropathic rats by regulating the expression of Sirt1 and AKT proteins, NMN may have a potential role in preventing or treating glomerular fibrosis in diabetic nephropathic rats. Although food allergy is not directly related to diabetic nephropathy, this mechanism of regulating intracellular protein expression may provide some insights into the potential effects of NMN on food allergy.


Mechanism of action of NMN on respiratory allergy:

- There is limited research on the direct mechanism of action of NMN on respiratory allergy. The pathogenesis of respiratory allergy, which is common in diseases such as allergic rhinitis and asthma, is complex.

- Some studies suggest that respiratory allergy may be related to airway dilatation, regulation of respiratory mediators, and the involvement of immune cells and inflammatory cells. For example, Geranylgeranyl ketone in Rumex oil has airway dilatation and respiratory anti-allergic effects.

- Creatine to some extent inhibits airway inflammation and suppresses delayed airway responses in allergic-responsive guinea pigs.

Although the direct research on the mechanism of NMN's action on food allergy and respiratory allergy is still insufficient, possible associations and clues can be sought from related allergy mechanism studies.